【禁聞】「煽動顛覆國家政權罪」保障誰？

【新唐人2011年7月25日訊】在中國有很多人因為發表對中共執政不滿的言論，而被冠以「顛覆國家」的罪名並且被關押判刑。刑法“煽動顛覆國家政權罪”，就是中共當局多年來用來拘押異議人士的一個說法。但這條法律又與現行的憲法第35條相互牴觸，法界人士認為，“煽動顛覆國家政權罪”的標準已經完全背離了憲法，也背離了學術界對於公民言論自由權的認知。

在過去30年來，中共政府訂定了許多的法律，其中不少是剝奪人民基本權利和自由的「惡法」，「煽動顛覆國家政權罪」就是其中一條。

1997年經過修訂的《中華人民共和國刑法》第105條第2款中指出，“以造謠、誹謗或者其他方式煽動顛覆國家政權、推翻社會主義制度的，處5年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權利﹔首要分子或者罪行重大的，處5年以上有期徒刑。”

對此，法界人士表示“顛覆”和“國家政權”，有很多基本概念的內涵和外延都沒有明確界定，例如以和平方式集會、遊行和示威是否構成「顛覆罪」，公民批評「官員腐敗」，是否構成「顛覆國家政權罪」等等。

東南大學法學教授張讚寧：「顛覆那必須是有行為，有顛覆國家的行為，要有行為，再一個，還要看具體他做的是甚麼，講了些甚麼，我覺得這個罪名有被濫用的可能。」

而中國憲法第35條又明確規定，中國公民有言論、出版、集會、結社、遊行、示威的自由。顯然這條憲法與刑法第105條第2款已經互相牴觸了，法界人士認為，任何一個法治的國家，憲法一定是大於刑法。

山東旭洲律師事務所主任舒向新：「憲法是母法，憲法大於任何的法律，不論是法律的制訂或者是法律的貫徹來說，憲法的制訂要更廣泛、要更嚴格，因為刑法或者是民法，都是根據憲法才能進行制訂的，他必須是不能違背憲法。」

刑法第105條第2款侵犯了現行憲法第三十五條所確認的「公民言論自由」的權利，學者表示這有兩種可能，一個就是「司法解釋有漏洞」，沒有具體的解釋，另一個就是「憲法被架空了」。

東南大學法學教授張讚寧：「這個可能跟我們的體制有一點點關係，首先我們的司法不獨立，往往要受到其他的，政府啊、其他組織的干擾，所以我認為司法必須要獨立，一個國家的司法不獨立，那麼這個國家的法律是虛偽的，就是假的。」

張讚寧進一步表示，一個國家的司法不獨立、刑法被濫用，和「一黨專政」有很大的關係。

東南大學法學教授張讚寧：「原因就是一黨專政，這個要開放黨禁、報禁，然後才有可能司法獨立，如果黨禁、報禁不開放的話，這個司法獨立永遠沒有可能，永遠不實行，就不可能有這個獨立的司法。」

另外，因為反革命被判處八年徒刑的人權觀察家秦永敏表示，當初他的罪名是「反革命宣傳煽動罪」，也就是現在這條「煽動顛覆國家政權罪」，在這個換湯不換藥的罪名下，中共可以把任何對政府不滿的人加以判刑。

人權觀察主席秦永敏：「所有的所謂煽動顛覆罪，在中國都是因為你僅僅說了，表達對這個實質政策的不滿，提出了一些意見要求而已，並不存在甚麼，我想發達國家可能也有『煽動罪』，那麼在中國所謂的煽動罪，那就是純粹因為他認為你的這個政治言論對他不利，甚至有時候荒唐到僅僅是和某一個地方基層的領導人發生爭執，他都可以以這個『煽動顛覆罪』來對你進行判刑。」

中國大陸法界人士普遍認為，刑法105條，經常被用來對一些以和平非暴力行為，交流思想和觀點的人士，進行刑事迫害，也就是用法律迫害他們的和平言論。

新唐人記者常春、黃容薛莉採訪報導。

What Is The 『Subversion』 Charge For?

Many people criticizing the ruling Chinese Communist Party

(CCP) are charged with "subversion" and sentenced.

『Inciting subversion of state power』 is from the Criminal Code

and has been used by the CCP authorities to detain dissidents.

But this code conflicts with Article 35 of China』s constitution.

Legal professionals believe that this charge

has completely deviated from the Constitution

and it disregards the recognition of the right to free speech

amongst academic community.

In the past 30 years, CCP』s government set a number of laws,

many of which deprive people of basic rights and freedoms.

『Inciting subversion of state power』 is one of them.

In the Criminal Law amended in 1997,

Article 105, paragraph 2, notes that

『People using rumors, slander or other means to incite

subversion of state power and overthrow the socialist system,

will be sentenced up to 5 years of imprisonment,

criminal detention or control, or deprivation of political rights.

Leaders of major crimes,

will be sentenced over 5 years of imprisonment.』

Legal professionals said, in 『subversion』 and 『state power』,

many concepts』 connotations and extensions are not clearly defined.

Will peaceful assemblies, marches, or demonstrations

constitute 『subversion』?

And will criticizing 『corrupted officials』

be regarded as a 『subversion of state power?』

Zhang Zanning (Law professor atSoutheast University):

“It must be a subversive act to the State.

Moreover, it depends on what he has done or said specifically,

I think this indictment has possibly been abused.”

The Constitution stipulates in Article 35 that

Chinese citizens have freedom of speech, press, assembly,

association, march and demonstration.

Obviously, this is in conflict with Article 105,

paragraph 2 in the Criminal Code.

Legal professionals believe that in any country with a rule of law,

the Constitution must be superior to the criminal law.

Shu Xiangxin (Director of

Xuri Law Firm in Xuzhou, Shandong):

“The Constitution is the parent to other laws.

It has a greater force than other laws.

In making and implementing laws,

Constitution』s formulations should be more extensive and stringent,

because criminal and civil laws are developed under the Constitution.

And they must not violate the Constitution."

Criminal Code Article 105, paragraph 2, violates the rights of

『freedom of speech』 stated in the Constitution』s Article 35.

Scholars think that there are

two possible reasons for that:

a 『flawed judicial interpretation』 without specific explanation;

and 『the Constitution is a mere figurehead』.

Prof. Zhang:

"This might be related somewhat to our system.

Our judiciary is not independent, and it is often subjected to

interference from the government and other organizations.

I think judiciary must be independent.

Otherwise, the laws of such a country are hypocritical and false.”

Zhang said that China's judiciary is not independent;

and the criminal codes have been misused.

These are greatly related to the 『one-party dictatorship.』

Prof. Zhang:

“The reason is the one-party dictatorship.

We have to first lift the bans

on political parties and newspapers,

then it will be possible to have judiciary independence.

Otherwise, there will never be judiciary independence.”

Human Rights observer Mr. Qin Yongmin was imprisoned

for 8 years because of his counter-revolutionary activities.

Originally, he was charged with

『counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement』

and later this was changed to

『inciting subversion of state power』.

With this charge, the CCP could sentence anybody,

who is dissatisfied with the Chinese authorities.

Qin Yongmin:

"The so-called inciting subversion of state power

is simply someone expressing dissatisfaction with a policy

or giving some comments and suggestions, nothing more.

Maybe the charge also exists in developed countries.

But in China, the charges are laid simply because

the authorities think a political statement is made against them.

Sometimes, it can be even more absurd.

You can be charged because of a dispute with a local cadre.

Legal professionals believe that the Criminal Code 105 has

always been used to suppress peaceful dissidents.

In reality, China』s laws are used by the authorities

to suppress peaceful speeches.

NTD reporters Chang Chun, Huang Rong and Xue Li